علم تشكل النبات
Erect shrub or small tree ; up to 3-4(-5) m tall , with milky latex and a deep taproot . Stems branched from the base , weakly to strongly branched , succulent , grey-green ; upper branches usually with scars of leaf bases ; bark grey , deeply fissured . Leaves opposite , 8−15 x 4−10 cm , somewhat fleshy , subsessile or shortly petiolate , broadly ovate to obovate , apex acute , base cordate , margins entire , upper surfaces thinly lanate becoming glabrous , lower white mealy , lanate . Inflorescences in terminal and axillary , umbellate cymes ; peduncle up to 10 cm ; pedicels 2−4 cm . Flowers pentamerous , small , white with purple tips to the lobes ; calyx somewhat fleshy , 5-lobed almost to base ; lobes 5−6 mm , triangular , greenish white , tinged purple at the tips ; corolla campanulate , 5-lobed ; lobes broadly ovate , 10 × 8 mm , greenish-white outside , purple inside ; corona purple , of 5 laterally compressed fleshy lobes , each radially cleft at the top and with a basal upcurving spur ; pollinaria
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of a pair of pendent flattened pollinia . In groups on stalks either terminally or in the leaf axils . Fruit paired follicles , 5−10 cm , ovoid , inflated , tip acute . Seeds 6-8 mm long , ovate , flat , with a tuft of long , c . 3 cm , white hairs at one end . (Ref . Flora of Oman ; vol . 3) .
الوضع البيئي الحالي
Least Concern (LC) - Global Assessment
التوزيع الجغرافي والبيئي
الوصف غير متاح حاليًا
المرادفات
Asclepias procera Aiton
Calotropis gigantea var. procera (Aiton) P.T.Li
Madorius procerus (Aiton) Kuntze
العناية بالنبات
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الاستخدامات
In Omani studies: Miller & Morris (1988) wrote that: "This tree occurs widely throughout Dhofar, and has been on the increase in recent years, a sure sign of increasing pressure by man on the environment. Its greenery is ignored by livestock, except when the leaves have died and fallen to the ground (when they become more palatable), or during the early rainy season when the leaves become swollen with moisture and the poisonous latex in them presumably to some extent diluted. The green fruit are eaten by goats and camels, and the flowers by all livestock. These last are also popular with butterflies, and with children - the individual flower buds make a most satisfactory 'pop' and spring open when lightly squeezed. The latex from this tree is poisonous, containing the cardiac glycoside calatropin, indeed elsewhere in the world it is used in the manufacture of arrow poison, very small
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amounts being said to produce death. The tree had many varied medicinal uses. The latex was applied locally around the pointed head of boils, or around infected wounds to draw the pus. It was less commonly used to treat skin complaints such as eczema, impetigo, shingles , ringworm, infected lice bites and the weeping sores that tend to occur especially in the rainy season. Many however were against its use to treat such conditions on human skin, both because the caustic nature of the latex causes severe pain, and because if incorrectly or over-generously used, spreading ulceration could result. Indded, most experts say it should never be allowed to touch broken skin at all. For chest pain and pleuritic pain , the large leaves were lightly singed at the fire then placed over the painful part of the torso and lightly strapped on. The leaves were also crushed and put on the skin side of a fresh hide to loosen the hair prior to tanning. The latex was employed in veterinary medicine: it was collected and painted on livestock affected with arasitic skin infestations (J, DA: jerb). As elsewhere in the Middle East, the fine ash of the burned wood was formerly much used in the making of gunpowder [J, DA: barut]. The ash was collected and mixed with pulverised charcoal, damaged, then rubbed and beaten into strips of cloth until the strips were throughly impregnated with the paste. After being sun-dried, the now very brittle and friable pieces of cloth were struck lightly with batons until they disintegrated into small granules. This was either put directly into the gunbarrel in the case of the old flintlocks, or used, with sulphur and paper wedding, to refill old cartridge cases. The underbark could be stripped from the tree, split into fibrous strands, and rolled on the thigh or twisted between the fingers to produce fine, short but extremely strong threads. These had a veriety of more or less specialised uses - for example, for pulling teeth (infected teeth, or children's milk teeth to ensure the adult teeth grew straight and strong) by twisting a length of this thread around the tooth and jerking hard upwards for a bottom tooth, and downwards for a top tooth. Warts were also very effectively removed with these fine threads - the wart would be tied very tightly indeed around its base and the thread left in place for some days, after which the wart would drop off leaving a small scar behind. Warts could be quite a problem in calves and in the pads of camels, as well as in people. These threads were also used for patching and sewing leather articles of everyday use where strength was vital, such as water skins, and milk bags. It was used too in the absence of leather thongs [J: murtuf: murutuf] to sew on the circular leather base to the woven milk bowls, [J: miger, ka 'alo] and to bind and finish off the rim. They were used to ornament and embellish the more personal articles made of leather, such as the J: hebban, a leather wallet in which a man kept such personal possessions as his pip, tobacco, his striker and flint, razor, eye antimony, perfumed pad, and so on. Threads were also twined together to make the wick for the oil lamps [J: mesredet] formerly used in Dhofar, which mostly burned oil extracted from sharks liver or the plentiful sardines. Alternatively threads were teased from the thick indigo-dyed cotton wrap [DA: sebigeh], or were twisted from the fibre of the cultivated cotton. The local name 'úṭeb was also given to the cotton formerly extensively cultivated on the Salalah plain. In DA both the cultivated cotton bush and the cotton fibre it produces are called kutn, whereas the cotton fibre in J. is called osor, which can all lead to some confusion. It is interesting that Maimonides (b. 1135) in his Sharh al-asma al-adwiya al-mufrada gives a synonym al-utb for the more common Arabic kutun. The common Arabic term for Calotropis procera is usar, which is the DA (Dhofari Arabic) name for the tree, and is also reflected in the Mahri languages where it is called 'asur. In the north of Oman, the latex was used to treat bruises and contusion, infected wounds and ulceration of the skin, as well as to relive the pain of scorpion stings and thorn pricks. The leaves were also cooked and eaten as a remedy for rigors and convulsions". (Ref. Plants of Dhofar). In addition, Pickering & Patzelt (2008) mentioned that: "Various traditional medicinal uses are reported, including the treatment of infected wounds and skin problems". (Ref. Field Guide to the Wild Plants of Oman; 2008). Furthermore, Ghazanfar (2015) stated that: "The leaves and the latex have been used in traditional medicine for treating wounds, pain, scorpion stings and for strengthening muscles affected by paralysis. Bark of the root is also used medicinally as a diaphoretic and as an emetic. Also used to treat hard lumps on camel limbs, where these are cut and sap dropped into the wound. There is also some black magic attached to this plant is which evil doers will pray to this plant for forty days at the end of which it is believed a root will arise from the earth and dance; this is cut off and used in black magic, for warding off evil eye etc. (recorded on a sheet from Madinat Qaboos by R.E. Ash 64 in 1984). The fresh leaves are unpalatable to livestock; fruit and flowers are eaten by goats and camels". (Ref. Flora of Oman, vol. 3).
المراجع
*Ghazanfar, S. (2015). Flora of the Sultanate of Oman, vol.3: Loganiaceae – Asteraceae. Meise, National Botanic Garden of Belgium (Scripta Botanica Begica, Vol. 25). ISBN 9789082352511 ISSN 0779-2387. *https://en.wikipedia.org *https://www.missouribotanicalgarden.org *Miller, A., Morris, M. (1988). Plants of Dhofar, the Southern Region of Oman: Traditional, Economic, and Medicinal Uses. Published by Office of the Adviser for Conservation of the Environment, Diwan of Royal Court, Sultanate of Oman; ISBN 10: 0715708082 ISSN 13: 9780715708088. *Pickering, H. Patzelt, A. (2008). Field Guide to the Wild Plants of Oman. Kew publishing, Royal Botanic Garden, Kew. ISBN 9781842461778. *POWO (2023). ""Plants of the World Online. Facilitated by the Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew. Published on the Internet; http://www.plantsoftheworldonline.org
