Lannea triphylla (Hochst. ex A. Rich.) Engl.

This tree is propagated by seeds and stem cuttings. Steps to follow: 1. Seed propagation: • Sow collected seeds in seed tray filled with a ratio of 3 peat moss: 1 compost, 5 cm apart. • Irrigate the seed tray three times a week. • Germination commences from 24 days. Seed germination of this species is very low and average germination percentage is around 2%. 2. Cutting propagation: • For stem cutting propagation, use semi-hardwood cuttings with at least 5 nodes. • For better rooting results, use cutting hormone, and plant in long root trainer or pots filled with a ratio of 1 peat moss: 3 perlites: 1 compost. • Leave cutting in a bench with mist irrigation. • Stem roots can appear after 167 days, with average rooting percentage around 1%.

Thrips Pest description Thrips (order: Thysanoptera) are tiny, slender, sausage-shaped, straw-coloured insects, with piercing sucking mouthparts. Adults have narrow wings fringed with black hairs. Nymphs are smaller, paler in colour and wingless. Damage symptoms Adults and nymphs both feed by sucking the cell contents from leaves, flowers and fruits, causing surface silvery scars and leaf deformation. Feeding most often occurs in the new terminal growth and on the underside of the leaves. Heavily infested plants are often characterized by a silvered or bronzed appearance to the leaves and stunted leaves and terminals which later crinkle and die. Fruit on infested plants are reduced in quality, normally through the development of scar tissue on the surface. Management and control actions Integrated Pest Management (IPM) practices that combine various control methods are the most effective and environmentally friendly way to manage thrips infestations in the long term. Here are some effective actions to manage and control thrips infestations: 1. ... Culture control methods: • Regular inspecting and monitoring. Keep a close eye on plant collection and monitor for any signs of thrips activity, such as wilting or yellowing, to catch infestations early. • Provide appropriate cultural care to keep plants vigorous and increase their tolerance to thrips damage. Avoid excessive applications of nitrogen fertilizer, to discourage thrips populations. • Maintain proper plant hygiene, spacing between plants, ventilation, removing weeds and plant debris and keeping the area clean. • Quarantine new plants for a period before adding them to other planting areas to prevent introducing thrips. • Use weed management practices to eliminate alternative host plants that may harbour thrips or other pests. • Plant resistance: select plant species that are less susceptible to thrips infestation. 2. Mechanical/physical control methods: Sticky traps: blue or yellow sticky traps can be placed near the affected plants to attract and capture adult thrips. This can help monitor their population and reduce their numbers. 3. Biological control methods: • Biological control involves introducing natural predators and pathogens (biopesticides) as well as the beneficial insects that are occurring naturally and present locally, e.g. lacewings (Chrysoperla carnea) and minute pirate bug (Orius sp.). These insects are very important to keep the thrips population in check, as they feed on adult thrips and their larvae. • Introduce natural predatory mites Transeius montdorensis (Montdo-Mite Plus) and Amblyseius swirskii (Swirski Ulti-Mite) to control thrips infestation effectively. • Beneficial parasitic nematodes Steinernema feltiae (Scia-Rid/Entonem/Capirel) can be applied to the soil to control the pupa stage of thrips effectively and in an environmentally friendly way. 4. Chemical control methods: Chemical pesticides: • Systemic insecticides: Spraying or drenching systemic insecticides can be used to control thrips, e.g. Acetamiprid (Mospilan), Starkle (Dinotefuran), Thiamethoxam (Actara) and Flupyradifurone (Sivanto). However, use them wisely and as a last resort to minimize harm to other beneficial insects and reduce environmental impact. Natural pesticides: • Spraying natural insecticides such us Emamectin Benzoate (Proclaim) and Abamectin (Vertemic) can control thrips. • Insecticidal soap: use organic options, e.g. potassium salts of fatty acids (Savona) to suffocate and disrupt the thrips’ lifecycle. • Neem oil: neem oil acts as an insect growth regulator and repellent. It can disrupt the development of thrips and reduce their population. • Horticultural oils: these oils can smother thrips and their eggs. Make sure to apply them properly and avoid using them during high temperatures. • ٭ Be sure to test for phytotoxicity of above materials prior to treatment.

النبات الكبير، النبات اللاذع، النبات الحارق، النبات العَطِر، النبات الطيّب الرائحة (اللغة الصومالية)

تُثمِر هذه النبتة في أواخر شهور الصيف الجافة، وتكون ثمارُها في حجم حبّات العنب الصغيرة، وحين تنضج تصطبغ بلونٍ برتقاليٍّ ضاربٍ إلى الحمرة. كانت الثمار تُـمضَغ وتُؤكل دون أن تُقطّع أو تُجزّأ، غير أنّ نواها صلبٌ عسيرُ الهضم. وحين تكون خضراءَ لم تنضج بعد، يكون طعمُها حامضًا لاذعًا، وكان يُفضَّل أكلها على هذه الحال، ولا سيّما من قِبل النساء اللاتي اشتهرن بحبّ أكل الفاكهة الحامضة أو اللاذعة المذاق. وكانت الحوامل على وجه الخصوص يجمعن هذه الثمار وسواها من الفواكه الحامضة، إذ ظنن أنّ تلك الثمار تحوي من الفيتامينات والمعادن والعناصر النادرة ما يحتاج إليه جسدُ المرأة وجنينُها خلال أطوار الحمل. كانت فسائلها الصغيرة تُقتلع كما تُقتلع أفرعُ شجر الكوميفورا المستخدم في البخور. أمّا الجذر واللحاء فيُؤكلان بعد مضغهما جيّدًا، وكانا يقيان الجوع، وتنعش عصارتهما الحلق بمذاقٍ حلوٍ عذب. يُعدّ هذا الشجر نادرًا فلا يُعتمد عليه في الاحتطاب، إلّا إنّ أغصانها اليابسة تُعدّ جيّدةً في إشعال نارٍ ذات لهيبٍ معتدل ودخانٍ ... قليل، ولم يُستخدَم خشبُ الشجرة في البناء، إذ يتشقّق ويتصدّع.

Ghazanfar, S. (2007). Flora of the Sultanate of Oman, vol.2: Crassulaceae – Apiaceae. Meise, National Botanic Garden of Belgium (Scripta Botanica Begica, Vol. 36). ISBN 9789072619747 ISSN 0779-2387. https://en.wikipedia.org https://aurovilleherbarium.org https://plants.jstor.org https://www.nparks.gov.sg Patzelt, A. (2015). Oman Plant Red Data Book. Published by Diwan of Royal Court, Sultanate of Oman. Oman Botanic Garden Publication No. 1. ISBN 978-99969-50-10-0. POWO (2023). "Plants of the World Online. Facilitated by the Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew. Published on the Internet; http://www.plantsoftheworldonline.org